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		<title>关于构建数据分析团队的一些思考</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 09:56:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Big Data 最近在互联网圈子很流行，互联网在创造大量数据的同时，面临这如何存储，检索，分析，利用这些数据的难题。但是如果没有应用场景，大数据本身，除了浪费资源外，没有太大的实际价值。因此，不管你是因为怀有对高科技的热情而关注这个热点领域，还是因为公司战略而研究海量数据，下面的问题是每个从业者都需要思考的:</p> 你的数据分析团队需要做什么？ <p>摆在我们面前的可能是一堆数据，访问日志，性能日志，行为日志 &#8230; 。同时还有一堆问题，如何提升用户转化率？ 提升设备利用率？ ,我们如何把数据同问题联系起来，如何建立起描述问题的数据模型？，度量数据的指标Metric 是不是得到大家的认可？ 谁需要这些数据？ ，在生产环境中，如何检验数据或者模型的效果?</p> 第一个问题直接导致了第二个问题: 你现在思考问题的方式或许是错误的 <p>在构建数据分析团队时候，你需要招聘个大拿进来，获取你给他个数据科学家，或者数据分析师什么的Title 。这个人进来，或许要推翻你旧有的想法。国外给这个人的时间是3个月，国内的团队可能会更长一些，把问题丢给他们。在3个月的时间内，让他们用全新的方式思考问题。这里有篇文章可以参考 &#8220;创建一个数据分析团队&#8221;</p> 如何为数据分析团队配置资源 <p>数据分析团队成员的背景会比较多元化，有搞统计的，搞建模的，搞数据清洗的，搞基础设施的。 我们要解决这个联队，如何融入现有的组织结构。 因为团队目标不同，所以同普通的工程团队项目，支持方式也不同，比如要不要在数据分析团队适用现有的开发，运维规范？。</p> 团队成员如何产出 <p>数据分析最终会落实到生产环境代码中，比如一个模型，需要20台机器，每天定时跑。一般情况下数据分析人员会缺乏生产环境经验，比如写代码，部署，运维等。因此在工程团队和数据分析团队中，要有数据会商，沟通机制。 在人力资源允许的情况下，是不是可以考虑工程师轮岗机制，工程团队的同事，定期轮岗到数据分析团队中，处理数据团队的工程难题</p> 数据科学家能够让你更好的思考你的问题集了吗？ <p>数据科学家一般来源于不同于工程团队的背景，比如数据系，统计系。这些人的背景和技能，在工程团队会比较稀缺。在同数据团队每天的沟通中，你要能够从新的角度思考问题，并且在公司范围内，让更多的人了解到数据团队的产出。</p> 人人都想了解数据分析 <p>在公司里面，要把数据团队比较好的隔离开来，与其跟其他部门解释比较复杂的数据分析过程，还不如让大家关注业务上面的产出。类似的沟通问题，可以参考产品经理团队和工程团队沟通的经验。</p> 工具问题 <p>虽然有开源的软件栈，比如Mysql, Pentaho , Hadoop ,Hbase ，R 但是这些产品本身非常工程化，使用成本很高，并且存在诸多不稳定因素。因此目前的数据分析人员，更多的像拿着原始的步枪在工作。 在实际工作中，不要忽略数据处理工具本身，对团队产出的影响</p> <p>本文部分观点，来源于 http://kurt.karmalab.org/2012/01/30/building-a-data-team/?</p> <p>没有发现相关内容.</p><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Big Data 最近在互联网圈子很流行，互联网在创造大量数据的同时，面临这如何存储，检索，分析，利用这些数据的难题。但是如果没有应用场景，大数据本身，除了浪费资源外，没有太大的实际价值。因此，不管你是因为怀有对高科技的热情而关注这个热点领域，还是因为公司战略而研究海量数据，下面的问题是每个从业者都需要思考的:</p>
<h3><strong>你的数据分析团队需要做什么？</strong></h3>
<p>摆在我们面前的可能是一堆数据，访问日志，性能日志，行为日志 &#8230; 。同时还有一堆问题，如何提升用户转化率？ 提升设备利用率？ ,我们如何把数据同问题联系起来，如何建立起描述问题的数据模型？，度量数据的指标Metric 是不是得到大家的认可？ 谁需要这些数据？ ，在生产环境中，如何检验数据或者模型的效果?</p>
<h3><strong>第一个问题直接导致了第二个问题: 你现在思考问题的方式或许是错误的</strong></h3>
<p>在构建数据分析团队时候，你需要招聘个大拿进来，获取你给他个数据科学家，或者数据分析师什么的Title 。这个人进来，或许要推翻你旧有的想法。国外给这个人的时间是3个月，国内的团队可能会更长一些，把问题丢给他们。在3个月的时间内，让他们用全新的方式思考问题。这里有篇文章可以参考 &#8220;<a href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/09/building-data-science-teams.html">创建一个数据分析团队</a>&#8221;</p>
<h3><strong>如何为数据分析团队配置资源</strong></h3>
<p>数据分析团队成员的背景会比较多元化，有搞统计的，搞建模的，搞数据清洗的，搞基础设施的。 我们要解决这个联队，如何融入现有的组织结构。 因为团队目标不同，所以同普通的工程团队项目，支持方式也不同，比如要不要在数据分析团队适用现有的开发，运维规范？。</p>
<h3><strong>团队成员如何产出</strong></h3>
<p>数据分析最终会落实到生产环境代码中，比如一个模型，需要20台机器，每天定时跑。一般情况下数据分析人员会缺乏生产环境经验，比如写代码，部署，运维等。因此在工程团队和数据分析团队中，要有数据会商，沟通机制。 在人力资源允许的情况下，是不是可以考虑工程师轮岗机制，工程团队的同事，定期轮岗到数据分析团队中，处理数据团队的工程难题</p>
<h3>数据科学家能够让你更好的思考你的问题集了吗？</h3>
<p>数据科学家一般来源于不同于工程团队的背景，比如数据系，统计系。这些人的背景和技能，在工程团队会比较稀缺。在同数据团队每天的沟通中，你要能够从新的角度思考问题，并且在公司范围内，让更多的人了解到数据团队的产出。</p>
<h3>人人都想了解数据分析</h3>
<p>在公司里面，要把数据团队比较好的隔离开来，与其跟其他部门解释比较复杂的数据分析过程，还不如让大家关注业务上面的产出。类似的沟通问题，可以参考产品经理团队和工程团队沟通的经验。</p>
<h3>工具问题</h3>
<p>虽然有开源的软件栈，比如Mysql, Pentaho , Hadoop ,Hbase ，R 但是这些产品本身非常工程化，使用成本很高，并且存在诸多不稳定因素。因此目前的数据分析人员，更多的像拿着原始的步枪在工作。 在实际工作中，不要忽略数据处理工具本身，对团队产出的影响</p>
<p>本文部分观点，来源于 http://kurt.karmalab.org/2012/01/30/building-a-data-team/?</p>
<div class="betterrelated none"><p>没有发现相关内容.</p></div><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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		<title>把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里面的云服务</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/527</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 09 Aug 2011 05:30:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Amazon的EC2 继上次的人为错误以后，再次出现重大故障，据说这次是雷击，IDC附近的变压器被雷击中起火，备用电力系统启动失败。目前的影响范围包括 Reddit, Heroku, Foursquare, Instagram, Fab, Quora, Turntable.fm, Netflix 等，持续时间已经超过了30min。</p> <p>虽然EC2做了很多工作，来确保云服务的可用性，但是对于他们的客户来讲，他们放上去的业务，实际就是放到了Amazon那个篮子里面，并且，还只有一个篮子。</p> <p></p> <p>没有发现相关内容.</p><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Amazon的EC2 继上次的人为错误以后，再次出现重大故障，据说这次是雷击，IDC附近的变压器被雷击中起火，备用电力系统启动失败。目前的影响范围包括 Reddit, Heroku, Foursquare, Instagram, Fab, Quora, Turntable.fm, Netflix 等，持续时间已经超过了30min。</p>
<p>虽然EC2做了很多工作，来确保云服务的可用性，但是对于他们的客户来讲，他们放上去的业务，实际就是放到了Amazon那个篮子里面，并且，还只有一个篮子。</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/图像-1.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-528" title="图像 1" src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/图像-1.png" alt="" width="793" height="577" /></a></p>
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		<title>中美同学择业偏好</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/524</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/524#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 2011 06:19:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[随笔]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hellophp.cn/?p=524</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>由此可见，在可预见的很长的一段时间内，美国仍将是超级大国。</p> <p>米国人民深刻理解什么才能持续发展，什么才能生产财富啊</p> <p>而我们，看来是更愿意当消费者，问题结果恰恰相反，我们是世界工场</p> <p>美国才是世界最大的消费者&#8230;</p> <p></p> <p>没有发现相关内容.</p><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>由此可见，在可预见的很长的一段时间内，美国仍将是超级大国。</p>
<p>米国人民深刻理解什么才能持续发展，什么才能生产财富啊</p>
<p>而我们，看来是更愿意当消费者，问题结果恰恰相反，我们是世界工场</p>
<p>美国才是世界最大的消费者&#8230;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone" title="中美比较" src="http://techrice.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Inno.jpg" alt="" width="580" height="446" /></p>
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		<title>SPDY 协议介绍</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/520</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/520#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Jul 2011 07:41:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hellophp.cn/?p=520</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>SPDY 目前是一种应用层实验性协议，旨在让互联网访问更快速，减少web页面的延迟。</p> <p>SPDY 设计特点</p> <p>协议在SSL层的基础上，增加了一个session 层，从而在一个tcp 连接基础上，实现了多并发和交叉流传输</p> <p>HTTP 的GET ,POST 仍旧采用旧有的消息格式，当然SPDY 协议对原有的数据做了封装和编码，这里采用Wrapper设计模式。</p> <p></p> <p>流是双向的，比如，既可以从客户端发起，也可以从服务器端发起（PUSH）</p> <p>SDPY的目标就是通过其基本特性和高级特性，来达到低访问延迟</p> <p>基本特性包括</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;"> 1  流复用</p> SPDY最牛逼的地方，是允许在一个TCP连接里面，允许无限并发流（在双方资源可承受的情况下）。因为请求是在一个单一的通道交错传输，TCP的可以达到很高的效率，从而更少的网络连接需要，可以以很高的 数据密度做传输。 2  具备优先级的请求 虽然无限的并行数据流的解决了序列化的问题，但是它们引入了另一个问题：如果由于信道带宽的限制，客户端可能会阻止怕堵塞通道的要求。为了克服这个问题，SPDY实现请求的优先次序：客户端可以请求尽可能多的项目，每个请求分配一个优先级。这样即使高优先级的请求仍处在pending状态，通道也不会传输非关键的，低优先级的请求，这样就有效地阻止了传输拥塞。 3  HTTP Header 压缩 对于HTTP 请求，响应头，SPDY都做了压缩，这样包更小，对于RESTFUL类型的WEB2.0 ,or OpenAPI 业务，将会有可观的效率提升。 高级特性 1  服务器端推送 SPDY通过X-Associated-Content 协议头来向客户端推送数据，头通知客户端，我要向你推送资源，准备接收好了。最近火爆的Google+ ,如果你用chrome浏览器，默认就采用SPDY技术，并且开启了服务器推送技术。服务器的推技术，全面提升了用户体验，是G+ 产品很快占据了足够多的优势，最近Facebook 开发自己的浏览器，也有摆脱现在技术限制的考虑 2  服务器暗示 不像上面提到的PUSH 技术，服务器会先告诉浏览器，你可以下载ABC资源了，这个ABC资源，可能就是下一个页面的JS ,CSS ，或者内容。服务器不会主动推送的，仍旧等待客户端请求，这对于低速网络，是个很大的优化，有点类似于我们的预加载技术 效果测试 TOP25 网站的平均页面加载时间 DSL 2 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/520">SPDY 协议介绍</a></span><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>SPDY 目前是一种应用层实验性协议，旨在让互联网访问更快速，减少web页面的延迟。</p>
<p><strong>SPDY 设计特点</strong></p>
<p>协议在SSL层的基础上，增加了一个session 层，从而在一个tcp 连接基础上，实现了多并发和交叉流传输</p>
<p>HTTP 的GET ,POST 仍旧采用旧有的消息格式，当然SPDY 协议对原有的数据做了封装和编码，这里采用Wrapper设计模式。</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/soarjOjSeS5hoFYvjtAnxCg.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-521 alignnone" title="SPDY 协议" src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/soarjOjSeS5hoFYvjtAnxCg.png" alt="" width="267" height="132" /></a></p>
<p>流是双向的，比如，既可以从客户端发起，也可以从服务器端发起（PUSH）</p>
<p>SDPY的目标就是通过其基本特性和高级特性，来达到低访问延迟</p>
<p><strong>基本特性包括</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong> </strong><strong>1  流复用</strong></p>
<div id="gt-res-content">
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr">SPDY最牛逼的地方，是允许在一个TCP连接里面，允许无限并发流（在双方资源可承受的情况下）。因为请求是在一个单一的通道交错传输，TCP的可以达到很高的效率，从而更少的网络连接需要，可以以很高的 数据密度做传输。</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong>2  具备优先级的请求</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong> </strong>虽然无限的并行数据流的解决了序列化的问题，但是它们引入了另一个问题：如果由于信道带宽的限制，客户端可能会阻止怕堵塞通道的要求。为了克服这个问题，SPDY实现请求的优先次序：客户端可以请求尽可能多的项目，每个请求分配一个优先级。这样即使高优先级的请求仍处在pending状态，通道也不会传输非关键的，低优先级的请求，这样就有效地阻止了传输拥塞。</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"></div>
</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong>3  HTTP Header 压缩</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr">对于HTTP 请求，响应头，SPDY都做了压缩，这样包更小，对于RESTFUL类型的WEB2.0 ,or OpenAPI 业务，将会有可观的效率提升。</div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong>高级特性</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong><br />
</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong>1  服务器端推送</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr">SPDY通过<span style="font-size: x-small;">X-Associated-Content 协议头来向客户端推送数据，头通知客户端，我要向你推送资源，准备接收好了。</span>最近火爆的Google+ ,如果你用chrome浏览器，默认就采用SPDY技术，并且开启了服务器推送技术。服务器的推技术，全面提升了用户体验，是G+ 产品很快占据了足够多的优势，最近Facebook 开发自己的浏览器，也有摆脱现在技术限制的考虑</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr"><strong>2  服务器暗示</strong></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;" dir="ltr">不像上面提到的PUSH 技术，服务器会先告诉浏览器，你可以下载ABC资源了，这个ABC资源，可能就是下一个页面的JS ,CSS ，或者内容。服务器不会主动推送的，仍旧等待客户端请求，这对于低速网络，是个很大的优化，有点类似于我们的预加载技术</div>
<div dir="ltr"></div>
<div dir="ltr"><strong>效果测试</strong></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div></div>
<div><em><strong>TOP25 网站的平均页面加载时间</strong></em></div>
<div>
<div>
<table style="height: 147px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width="850" bordercolor="#000000">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="20%"></td>
<td colspan="2">DSL 2 Mbps downlink, 375 kbps uplink</td>
<td colspan="2">Cable 4 Mbps downlink, 1 Mbps uplink</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%"></td>
<td width="20%"><strong>A</strong><strong>verage ms</strong></td>
<td width="20%"><strong>Speedup</strong></td>
<td width="20%"><strong>Average ms</strong></td>
<td width="20%"><strong>Speedup</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">HTTP</td>
<td width="20%">3111.916</td>
<td width="20%"></td>
<td width="20%">2348.188</td>
<td width="20%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY basic multi-domain* connection / TCP</td>
<td width="20%">2242.756</td>
<td width="20%">27.93%</td>
<td width="20%">1325.46</td>
<td width="20%">43.55%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY basic single-domain* connection / TCP</td>
<td width="20%">1695.72</td>
<td width="20%">45.51%</td>
<td width="20%">933.836</td>
<td width="20%">60.23%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY single-domain + server push / TCP</td>
<td width="20%">1671.28</td>
<td width="20%">46.29%</td>
<td width="20%">950.764</td>
<td width="20%">59.51%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY single-domain + server hint / TCP</td>
<td width="20%">1608.928</td>
<td width="20%">48.30%</td>
<td width="20%">856.356</td>
<td width="20%">63.53%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY basic single-domain / SSL</td>
<td width="20%">1899.744</td>
<td width="20%">38.95%</td>
<td width="20%">1099.444</td>
<td width="20%">53.18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%">SPDY single-domain + client prefetch / SSL</td>
<td width="20%">1781.864</td>
<td width="20%">42.74%</td>
<td width="20%">1047.308</td>
<td width="20%">55.40%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
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		<title>Twitter 一些数据</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/511</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/511#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2011 08:12:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[网站分析]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="_mcePaste"><strong>#tweets</strong></div>
<div id="_mcePaste">从第一条微博到第10亿条微博，Twitter花费了 3年2个月 零1 天</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">现在用户只需要一周的时间，就能发布10亿条微博</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">2010，平均每天发布5000万条微博</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">2011.3，平均每天发布1.4亿条微博</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">2011.3.11 当日发布1.77亿.</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">2009.6.25 每秒发布456条  （Michael Jackson 去世）</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">2011.1.1 每秒发布6,939. （新年，日本）</div>
<div><strong>#注册用户数</strong></div>
<div id="_mcePaste">572,000. 2011.3.12  日注册用户数</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">460,000. 2011年二月，平均日注册用户数</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">182%. 2010年移动用户增长率</div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><strong>#雇员数</strong></div>
<div id="_mcePaste">8. 29. 130. 350. 400.  2008.1, 2009.1, 2010。1, 2011.1 and 现在.</div>
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		<title>公共交通众生相</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/508</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/508#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2011 09:15:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[随笔]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hellophp.cn/?p=508</guid>
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		<title>深入理解Facebook Messages’ 应用服务器</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/493</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/493#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2011 08:16:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[网站分析]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hellophp.cn/?p=493</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>在众多Facebook 产品中，消息系统无疑是技术挑战最大的一个。因此我们需要建立一个专有的应用服务器来管理这些基础设施。</p> <p>我们最近讨论了消息系统的后端组件，以及我们如何扩展我们的服务以处理来自Email ，SMS， Facebook Chat ,收件箱的海量消息，本文我们就分享一下应用服务器的设计细节。</p> 应用服务业务逻辑层 <p>应用服务器整合了很多Facebook服务，封装了访问这些服务的复杂性。 他为客户端，封装了一个简单的接口来处理标准的消息操作，包括创建，读取，删除，更新消息和收件箱。</p> <p>下面介绍一个每个操作的流程。</p> <p>当创建一个新的消息或者回复一个消息的时候，应用服务器将消息投递到接收方（用户），如果接收方是个email地址，应用服务器还会去HayStack检查一下，是否有附件，然后创建一个html格式，遵从RFC2822标准的消息。</p> <p style="text-align: center;"></p> <p>当消息（邮件）通过外部的邮件地址发送到Facebook内部用户系统的时候，服务器会将消息投递到用户的收件箱，根据一些预设的条件，对消息进行必要的处理，决定消息投递到哪个目录，那个话题里面。</p> <p style="text-align: center;"></p> <p>当读取消息的时候，服务器会获取多项关于用户Mailbox的统计数据，例如容量，消息数量，话题数量，回复数量； 用户的活跃联系人数量。 服务器还会获取收件箱里面目录的统计信息和属性信息。在读取话题列表的时候，是通过一系列的搜索条件（目录，属性，作者，关键词等），话题列表里面包括话题的基本属性和话题下面的消息。</p> <p>当删除消息的时候，服务器将消息和话题标识成删除状态，然后一个离线的作业会执行具体的删除消息操作。</p> <p>当更新消息和话题的时候，服务器变更消息和话题的属性，比如【已读/未读】 ，归档状态，Tag 等等。更新操作还负责处理针对话题的订阅，退订操作。</p> <p style="text-align: center;"></p> 管理话题组 <p>Facebook 通过聊天室的模型管理群组话题消息。 用户可以加入（订阅），或者离开（退订）某一话题。在回复某个话题，当收件人不是某个用户，而是一个Email地址的时候，应用服务器会创建一个回复处理器，就像聊天室ID一样，当收件人通过回复了这个话题，消息会通过回复处理器，直接投递到那个话题。</p> <p>为了优化读性能，简化迁移和备份过程，话题消息存储通过一个非规范化的模式来存储，因此每个用户，都有他自己的一份话题元数据，和消息的拷贝。服务器广播订阅和退订事件，在所有的接收者中，同步话题的元数据数据，从而可以用去中心化得方式，来处理订阅和回复等请求。当处理老的系统时候，比如用户的老的收件箱，或者通过Email地址来订阅，应用服务器会做些特别的适配工作，以保证业务流畅。</p> 缓存用户的元数据 <p>当用户访问收件箱的时候，应用服务器加载用户常见的元数据，（我们叫做活动元数据），然后缓存在LRU里面，后续请求可以尽量少查询HBASE，从而提升效率。</p> <p>我们尽量减少对HBASE          的查询，是因为HBASE不支持join. 为了服务一个读请求，服务器可能要查找多个索引，在不同的     HBASE查询中抓取元数据和消息内容。Hbase针对写，而不是读做的优化，幸运的是，用户行为通常具有良好的时间和空间局部性，因此通过Cache可以解决性能问题。</p> <p>我们也做了很多努力，通过减少用户内存痕迹，采用更细粒度的架构来提高Cache效率。我们可以缓存5%-10%的用户，命中率在95%左右。对于超热点数据，比如主页的未读消息数，我们将其放到全局的Memcache层。当新的消息到达时，应用服务器负责将缓存中的数据做过期处理。</p> 同步 <p>HBase对于交易的隔离提供了有限的支持。因此对于用户的多个并发更新，为了解决更新冲突，Facebook采用应用服务器来解决这个问题。每个用户，都会被分配到特定的应用服务器，因此针对这个用户的更新操作，都可以在这个应用服务器内，通过代码做到完全的同步隔离。</p> 存储模式 <p>MTA代理，将附件和大的消息到达应用服务器以前，将他们提提取出来，存储在Haystack中。当然元数据，包括搜索索引数据和小消息体，存储在HBASE中，由应用服务器来维护。每个用户的邮箱同其他用户的邮箱，都是相互独立的；用户数据在Hbase中，是不会共享的。每个用户的数据，都会存储在HBase中的一行中，Hbase行的数据结构如下：</p> <p style="text-align: center;"></p> <p>元数据实体和索引</p> <p>元数据实体，包含着收件箱对象的属性，比如文件夹，话题，消息等等。 每个实体存储在他自己的HBASE列中，不像传统的RDBMS，HBASE没有原生的索引支持。我们在应用层面，维护着二级索引。每个单独的列都已key/value对的形式存储。</p> <p>例如，当我们查询“在其他目录的第二页加载未读话题”，应用服务器首先查询元数据索引，获取符合查询条件的话题，然后抓取特定话题的元数据实体，通过他们的属性来构造响应对象。</p> <p>就像我们前面提到的，缓存和有效的预加载减少了Hbase的查询次数，提升了系统效率。</p> 动作日志 <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/493">深入理解Facebook Messages’ 应用服务器</a></span><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>在众多Facebook 产品中，消息系统无疑是技术挑战最大的一个。因此我们需要建立一个专有的应用服务器来管理这些基础设施。</p>
<p>我们最近讨论了消息系统的后端组件，以及我们如何扩展我们的服务以处理来自Email ，SMS， Facebook Chat ,收件箱的海量消息，本文我们就分享一下应用服务器的设计细节。</p>
<h2><strong>应用服务业务逻辑层</strong></h2>
<p>应用服务器整合了很多Facebook服务，封装了访问这些服务的复杂性。 他为客户端，封装了一个简单的接口来处理标准的消息操作，包括创建，读取，删除，更新消息和收件箱。</p>
<p>下面介绍一个每个操作的流程。</p>
<p>当创建一个新的消息或者回复一个消息的时候，应用服务器将消息投递到接收方（用户），如果接收方是个email地址，应用服务器还会去HayStack检查一下，是否有附件，然后创建一个html格式，遵从RFC2822标准的消息。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/0.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-494 aligncenter" title="Facebook message outgoing flow" src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/0.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="583" /></a></p>
<p>当消息（邮件）通过外部的邮件地址发送到Facebook内部用户系统的时候，服务器会将消息投递到用户的收件箱，根据一些预设的条件，对消息进行必要的处理，决定消息投递到哪个目录，那个话题里面。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/1.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-495 aligncenter" title="Facebook message system incoming flow" src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/1.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="654" /></a></p>
<p>当读取消息的时候，服务器会获取多项关于用户Mailbox的统计数据，例如容量，消息数量，话题数量，回复数量； 用户的活跃联系人数量。 服务器还会获取收件箱里面目录的统计信息和属性信息。在读取话题列表的时候，是通过一系列的搜索条件（目录，属性，作者，关键词等），话题列表里面包括话题的基本属性和话题下面的消息。</p>
<p>当删除消息的时候，服务器将消息和话题标识成删除状态，然后一个离线的作业会执行具体的删除消息操作。</p>
<p>当更新消息和话题的时候，服务器变更消息和话题的属性，比如【已读/未读】 ，归档状态，Tag 等等。更新操作还负责处理针对话题的订阅，退订操作。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/2.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-496 aligncenter" title="Email model vs chatting model @facebook " src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/2.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="540" /></a></p>
<h3><strong>管理话题组</strong></h3>
<p>Facebook 通过聊天室的模型管理群组话题消息。 用户可以加入（订阅），或者离开（退订）某一话题。在回复某个话题，当收件人不是某个用户，而是一个Email地址的时候，应用服务器会创建一个回复处理器，就像聊天室ID一样，当收件人通过回复了这个话题，消息会通过回复处理器，直接投递到那个话题。</p>
<p>为了优化读性能，简化迁移和备份过程，话题消息存储通过一个非规范化的模式来存储，因此每个用户，都有他自己的一份话题元数据，和消息的拷贝。服务器广播订阅和退订事件，在所有的接收者中，同步话题的元数据数据，从而可以用去中心化得方式，来处理订阅和回复等请求。当处理老的系统时候，比如用户的老的收件箱，或者通过Email地址来订阅，应用服务器会做些特别的适配工作，以保证业务流畅。</p>
<h3><strong>缓存用户的元数据</strong></h3>
<p>当用户访问收件箱的时候，应用服务器加载用户常见的元数据，（我们叫做活动元数据），然后缓存在LRU里面，后续请求可以尽量少查询HBASE，从而提升效率。</p>
<p>我们尽量减少对HBASE          的查询，是因为HBASE不支持join. 为了服务一个读请求，服务器可能要查找多个索引，在不同的     HBASE查询中抓取元数据和消息内容。Hbase针对写，而不是读做的优化，幸运的是，用户行为通常具有良好的时间和空间局部性，因此通过Cache可以解决性能问题。</p>
<p>我们也做了很多努力，通过减少用户内存痕迹，采用更细粒度的架构来提高Cache效率。我们可以缓存5%-10%的用户，命中率在95%左右。对于超热点数据，比如主页的未读消息数，我们将其放到全局的Memcache层。当新的消息到达时，应用服务器负责将缓存中的数据做过期处理。</p>
<h3><strong>同步</strong></h3>
<p>HBase对于交易的隔离提供了有限的支持。因此对于用户的多个并发更新，为了解决更新冲突，Facebook采用应用服务器来解决这个问题。每个用户，都会被分配到特定的应用服务器，因此针对这个用户的更新操作，都可以在这个应用服务器内，通过代码做到完全的同步隔离。</p>
<h3><strong>存储模式</strong></h3>
<p>MTA代理，将附件和大的消息到达应用服务器以前，将他们提提取出来，存储在Haystack中。当然元数据，包括搜索索引数据和小消息体，存储在HBASE中，由应用服务器来维护。每个用户的邮箱同其他用户的邮箱，都是相互独立的；用户数据在Hbase中，是不会共享的。每个用户的数据，都会存储在HBase中的一行中，Hbase行的数据结构如下：</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/3.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-497 aligncenter" title="Facebook HBase Architect" src="http://www.hellophp.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/3.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="540" /></a></p>
<p><strong>元数据实体和索引</strong></p>
<p>元数据实体，包含着收件箱对象的属性，比如文件夹，话题，消息等等。 每个实体存储在他自己的HBASE列中，不像传统的RDBMS，HBASE没有原生的索引支持。我们在应用层面，维护着二级索引。每个单独的列都已key/value对的形式存储。</p>
<p>例如，当我们查询“在其他目录的第二页加载未读话题”，应用服务器首先查询元数据索引，获取符合查询条件的话题，然后抓取特定话题的元数据实体，通过他们的属性来构造响应对象。</p>
<p>就像我们前面提到的，缓存和有效的预加载减少了Hbase的查询次数，提升了系统效率。</p>
<h3><strong>动作日志</strong></h3>
<p>任何对于用户收件箱的操作（例如创建，删除，标记话题为已读等） 都会按照时间寻出立刻追加到一个列族，这个动作被动作日志。小的消息体也会存储在动作日志里面。</p>
<p>我们通过重放动作日志，可以重建或者恢复用户当前的收件箱的状态。我们用最后动作日志的ID作为元数据实体和索引的版本。当加载一个用户的收件箱的时候，应用服务器比较元数据版本和最后动作日志ID，如果元数据的版本号落在了后面，那么更新收件箱的内容。</p>
<p>在应用端存储动作日志带来了巨大的灵活性：</p>
<p>a)         我们可以通过重放动作日志，产生新的元数据实体和索引，重建的过程既可以通过离线的MapRedue 任务，也可以通过应用服务器在线完成，从而保证我们可以无缝的切换到新的存储架构。</p>
<p>b)         我们可以进行大批量的Hbase异步写入以节省网络带宽和Hbase压缩成本。</p>
<p>c)         他是一个跟其他组件进行持久层数据交换的标准协议。例如，我们可以通过将动作日志写入到Scribe日志上，实现在应用级别进行备份。迁移管道将用户老的收件箱转换成动作日志，然后通过离线的MapReduce生成元数据和索引。</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>搜索索引</strong></h3>
<p>为了支持全文检索，我们维护了一个关键词的倒排索引列表。当新的消息到达时，我们用Apache Lucene 来解析和转换成包含关键词，消息ID,位置的有序列表，然后将列表增量的添加到Hbase的列族上面。每个关键词，有他自己的列。所有的消息，包括聊天的历史，email,sms,都会被实时的索引。</p>
<h3><strong>通过Dark Launch</strong><strong>进行测试</strong></h3>
<p>应用服务器是我们从概念开始设计起来的全新软件，在我们将其用于5亿用户之前，我们需要监控他的性能，可靠性，扩展性。 我们最初开发了一个压力测试机器人，用来发起测试请求，但是我们发现测试结果，会受一些因素的影响，比如消息大小，不同请求类型的分布，不同用户活动程度的分布等待。</p>
<p>为了模拟生产环境下的负载情况，我们做了个Dark launch,通过这个系统我们镜像了来自聊天室和显存的收件箱的流量，将10%的用户流量导入了一个测试的集群. Dark  launches 帮助我们发现了很多性能问题和性能瓶颈。 我们同时也用他来做性能改善的评价标准。随着时间的推移，我们会向所有用户推出我们新的消息系统。</p>
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		<title>云计算市场全景图</title>
		<link>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/488</link>
		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/488#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2011 01:57:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[系统]]></category>

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		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/485#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2011 05:46:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[随笔]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>10号线金台夕照 与 museandfountainhead 之美丽邂逅</p> <p>新浪微微博除了有大量的政经科内容外，也有普通人的故事，普通人的浪漫遭遇</p> <p>感谢echo 提供线索，以及 视频里链接   http://v.ku6.com/show/T6TUhw5g9pqBjzKj.html</p> <p></p> <p>没有发现相关内容.</p><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>10号线金台夕照 与 museandfountainhead 之美丽邂逅</p>
<p>新浪微微博除了有大量的政经科内容外，也有普通人的故事，普通人的浪漫遭遇</p>
<p>感谢echo 提供线索，以及 视频里链接  <a href="http://v.ku6.com/show/T6TUhw5g9pqBjzKj.html"> http://v.ku6.com/show/T6TUhw5g9pqBjzKj.html</a></p>
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		<comments>http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/482#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 02:34:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张鹏</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[科学]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ AGENTS (Chap. 2): Agent and multiagent systems. SEARCH (Chap. 3-4): Heuristic search. GAMES (Chap. 5): Game theory and game search trees. CSP (Chap. 6): Constraint Satisfaction Problems. LOGIC (Chap. 7-9): Logical reasoning and representation. PLANNING (Chap. 10-11): Planning sequences of actions. UNCERTAINTY (Chap. 13-17): Representation and reasoning with probabilities. LEARNING (Chap. 18-21): Machine <span style="color:#777"> . . . &#8594; Read More: <a href="http://www.hellophp.cn/archives/482">推荐人工智能的书 (AI)</a></span><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<ol>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1015">AGENTS</a> (Chap. 2): Agent and multiagent systems.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1016">SEARCH</a> (Chap. 3-4): Heuristic search.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1010">GAMES</a> (Chap. 5): Game theory and game search trees.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1008">CSP</a> (Chap. 6): Constraint Satisfaction Problems.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1018">LOGIC</a> (Chap. 7-9): Logical reasoning and representation.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1017">PLANNING</a> (Chap. 10-11): Planning sequences of actions.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1014">UNCERTAINTY</a> (Chap. 13-17): Representation and reasoning with probabilities.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1006">LEARNING</a> (Chap. 18-21): Machine learning, staistics, inductive inference.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1007">NLP</a> (Chap. 22-23): Natural language processing.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1020">VISION</a> (Chap. 24): Computer and human vision (and other perceptual modalities).</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1005">ROBOTICS</a> (Chap. 25): Interacting with the physical world.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1004">PHILOSOPHY</a> (Chap. 26): Philosophy and foundational works.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1012">NEUROSCIENCE</a> (Chap. 26): The brain.</li>
<li><a href="http://books.google.com/books?uid=8640673873589796416&amp;as_coll=1002">PROGRAMMING</a>: AI programming languages and techniques.</li>
</ol>
<p>书单由顶尖高手<a href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/books.html">Russell ，  Norvig</a> 推荐</p>
<p>原文链接 <a href="http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/books.html">http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/books.html</a></p>
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